How the Sports Betting and Gambling Industry Preys on Young Men
When Entertainment Becomes a Business Model
Sports betting has become one of the most visible parts of modern sports culture. A football game is no longer just about which team wins. For millions of viewers, it is also about whether a quarterback throws for 250 yards, whether a basketball player scores more than 20 points, or whether a seemingly insignificant play determines the outcome of a wager. Betting companies have transformed sports from something people watch into something they can continuously gamble on.
The industry's expansion has been especially effective among young men, a demographic that already tends to consume sports content, follow professional athletes, participate in competitive online communities, and engage with digital entertainment. Sports betting companies have positioned their products directly inside these interests. Their advertisements appear during games, their promotions circulate on social media, and their partnerships with sports organizations make gambling seem like a natural extension of being a fan.
The problem is not that every person who places a bet will develop a gambling problem. Many people gamble occasionally without experiencing serious consequences. The concern is that the industry has built a business model in which frequent betting, repeated deposits, and continued customer engagement generate revenue, while the financial and psychological risks are largely carried by the individual. The company earns money when customers continue using its product, even when those customers lose money.
For young men who are still developing financial habits, entering the workforce, attending college, or trying to establish themselves economically, this arrangement can be particularly dangerous. Gambling offers the appearance of a shortcut to financial success in a society where many young people feel that traditional paths to wealth are becoming less accessible. In reality, the odds, incentives, and psychological mechanisms behind sports betting often make the pursuit of quick money an expensive distraction from building it.
The Legalization Boom and the Normalization of Gambling
For decades, sports gambling in the United States was largely associated with casinos, bookmakers, and illegal betting operations. That changed significantly in 2018, when the Supreme Court struck down the federal law that had broadly prohibited states from authorizing sports wagering. States subsequently began legalizing sports betting, and mobile applications allowed customers to place bets without visiting a physical casino.
This technological shift changed the nature of gambling. A person no longer needs to travel somewhere, interact with a bookmaker, or make a deliberate decision to enter a gambling establishment. Betting can happen instantly from a phone, including during a lecture, while watching television, or in bed late at night. The barriers that once separated ordinary entertainment from gambling have largely disappeared.
The industry has also benefited from its integration into mainstream sports. Professional leagues, media companies, broadcasters, and gambling operators have developed commercial relationships that place betting odds, sponsorships, and gambling-related commentary alongside traditional sports coverage. As a result, gambling is increasingly presented as an ordinary component of being a sports fan.
This normalization matters because people's perception of risk is influenced by what they see others doing. When athletes, commentators, influencers, and friends discuss betting casually, it can become harder to recognize that wagering money is fundamentally different from simply watching a game. The presence of a bet can make a viewer feel more involved, but that feeling of involvement does not improve the underlying odds.
The industry does not need every young man to become addicted to gambling. It needs enough customers to place enough wagers to sustain a profitable business. Making betting appear ordinary, social, and entertaining helps establish the habits that make that business possible.
Why Young Men Are a Particularly Attractive Market
Young men are not inherently incapable of making responsible financial decisions, and gambling problems affect people across genders and age groups. Nevertheless, several features of sports betting make it especially appealing to young men.
First, sports betting connects gambling to existing interests. Someone who already follows the NFL, NBA, college football, or soccer may believe that knowledge of teams and players gives them a meaningful advantage. Unlike a traditional casino game, sports betting appears to reward research, analysis, and expertise. A fan who studies statistics, injuries, coaching decisions, and player performance may feel that a successful wager is the result of superior knowledge rather than a combination of uncertainty and chance.
There is a limited truth behind this perception. Knowledge can help bettors understand probabilities and evaluate whether a price is favorable. However, understanding a sport does not eliminate the bookmaker's margin, guarantee accurate predictions, or protect someone from unexpected outcomes. Even professional analysts cannot reliably predict every game or player performance.
Second, gambling can appeal to the desire for status and financial independence. Young adulthood is often a period when people compare their income, possessions, and achievements with those of their peers. Social media intensifies these comparisons by displaying luxury cars, expensive watches, vacations, and screenshots of supposedly enormous betting wins. For someone who feels financially behind, gambling can appear to offer a shortcut.
Third, sports betting can become a social activity. Friends share betting slips, discuss odds, and celebrate winning wagers in group chats. Refusing to participate may feel like missing out, especially when everyone else seems to be making money. Gambling becomes connected not only to sports but also to friendship, competition, and belonging.
These pressures are powerful because they turn gambling into something more than a financial decision. It becomes a way to demonstrate knowledge, compete with friends, experience excitement, and imagine a different financial future. The industry benefits when these motivations make customers more willing to return.
The Illusion of Easy Money
One of the most effective selling points of sports betting is the possibility of earning money quickly. A small wager can produce a large payout, and promotional content frequently highlights dramatic wins rather than the countless ordinary losses that make those wins possible.
A young man who sees someone turn $20 into $500 may begin imagining what would happen if he wagered $100, $500, or even more. The potential reward is immediate and easy to visualize, while the cumulative cost of repeated losses is less exciting and often less visible.
This is a form of selection bias. Winning bets are more likely to be celebrated, posted, and circulated online than losing bets. A screenshot showing a profitable wager may reveal the payout without showing the person's previous losses, total deposits, or overall gambling results. Influencer promotions can make this problem worse when audiences cannot easily distinguish genuine personal results from sponsored content.
The result is a distorted picture of what gambling actually looks like. Customers see the exceptional win rather than the distribution of outcomes across thousands of wagers. They may conclude that successful betting is more common than it really is, or that they could reproduce someone else's results by following a particular strategy.
The distinction between a possible outcome and a probable outcome is central to financial literacy. A bet that could produce a large return is not necessarily a good financial decision. The relevant question is whether the expected return justifies the risk, not whether the best possible outcome would be exciting.
Sports betting companies do not have to promise that customers will become rich. They only need to make the possibility of winning sufficiently attractive that customers continue placing bets.
The Mathematics Behind the House Advantage
Sports betting is often presented as a test of intelligence, but the mathematics of the industry places customers at a disadvantage from the beginning.
Consider a standard wager offered at odds of -110, a common price in American sports betting. A bettor must risk $110 to earn $100 in profit if the wager wins. If the bet loses, the entire $110 stake disappears.
At these odds, a bettor must win approximately 52.38% of wagers just to break even, assuming every wager is the same size and there are no other costs.
For example, suppose someone places 100 wagers of $110 each. Their total amount wagered is $11,000. If they win 50 bets and lose 50, they earn $5,000 in profit from their winning bets but lose $5,500 on their losing bets. Their net result is a $500 loss.
The bettor correctly predicts half of the outcomes, yet still loses money.
This difference exists because bookmakers incorporate a margin into the odds. That margin, commonly called the vig or juice, helps the operator generate revenue from the volume of wagers it accepts. Customers must overcome that margin to make a profit over time.
| Outcome across 100 wagers | Net result |
|---|---|
| 50 wins and 50 losses at -110 | -$500 |
| 53 wins and 47 losses at -110 | +$130 |
| 55 wins and 45 losses at -110 | +$350 |
Assumes $110 risked per wager, a $100 profit on each win, and identical odds on every bet.
Even a bettor who performs slightly better than chance may earn very little relative to the money risked. A few unexpected losses can eliminate previous gains, and consistently identifying profitable bets is considerably more difficult than correctly predicting individual games.
The house advantage does not mean that every bettor loses every day or that no skilled bettor can make money. It means that the ordinary customer faces a structural disadvantage and must overcome it repeatedly to generate sustainable profits.
That is why the distinction between entertainment and income matters. A person who treats a wager as a paid form of entertainment may accept the possibility of losing the money. Someone who treats betting as a reliable source of income may continue risking money in an attempt to make the mathematics work in their favor.
The Psychology of Chasing Losses
One of the most dangerous gambling behaviors is known as chasing losses. It occurs when someone continues gambling because they want to recover money they have already lost.
Imagine a college student who deposits $50 into a betting app. After losing several wagers, the balance falls to $10. Instead of accepting the $40 loss, he places a larger bet because he believes a win will restore his original balance. If that bet fails, he may deposit another $50, reasoning that he is already too far behind to stop.
At this point, the decision is no longer simply about whether the next wager offers a reasonable opportunity. It is also about the emotional discomfort of admitting that the previous money is gone.
Economically, the money already lost is a sunk cost. It cannot be recovered simply because someone continues gambling. The next wager should be evaluated independently, based on its probability, payout, and risk. However, people do not always behave according to this principle, especially when they feel frustrated, embarrassed, or desperate to reverse a loss.
Near misses can make the problem worse. A bettor who loses a wager because a team misses a late field goal may feel that success was almost guaranteed. That feeling can encourage another bet, even though the previous outcome does not make the next wager more likely to win.
Winning can also reinforce continued gambling. A profitable streak may convince someone that they have discovered a system, developed a special ability, or reached a level of expertise that makes losses less likely. In reality, a short run of successful outcomes does not necessarily indicate a durable advantage.
Together, these psychological patterns can create a cycle in which losing motivates another wager, winning encourages more confidence, and both outcomes keep the customer engaged. The person may begin with a plan to make a few small bets but gradually find it difficult to stop.
For a company that earns revenue from continued wagering, this persistent engagement can be commercially valuable. For the customer, it can become financially destructive.
The Parlay Trap: Why Bigger Payouts Can Mean Worse Decisions
One of the most popular products in modern sports betting is the parlay. A parlay combines multiple predictions into a single wager, requiring every selection to win for the bettor to receive the advertised payout. For example, a customer might bet that the Miami Dolphins will win, a quarterback will throw for more than 250 yards, and a receiver will score a touchdown. If any selection fails, the entire parlay usually loses.
The appeal is obvious. Instead of risking $10 to earn a relatively small profit, a bettor may be shown the possibility of winning hundreds of dollars from the same $10 stake. The larger payout creates the impression that a small amount of money can produce a life-changing result.
However, the probability of winning generally decreases as more conditions are added. If three independent selections each have a 50% chance of winning, the probability that all three win is only 12.5%. Actual sports outcomes are not always independent, and bookmakers adjust their odds accordingly, but the basic principle remains: requiring multiple predictions to succeed makes the overall outcome harder to achieve.
Parlays also give bookmakers opportunities to increase their margins, depending on how the odds are structured. The customer receives the excitement of a large potential payout while accepting a much greater chance of losing the entire stake.
The National Council on Problem Gambling reported that the share of sports bettors who made parlay bets increased from 17% in 2018 to 30% in 2024. This trend reflects the growing popularity of a product that can make gambling feel less like a series of individual decisions and more like an attempt to hit one enormous payday.
Parlays are not automatically harmful, and some customers prefer them as an occasional form of entertainment. The concern is that their large advertised payouts can encourage people to accept low probabilities of success without fully considering the long-term cost. A bettor may repeatedly lose small amounts while waiting for the one combination that will supposedly make everything worthwhile.
In this sense, the parlay resembles a lottery ticket packaged inside a sports game. The customer is encouraged to focus on the extraordinary payout rather than the probability of receiving it.
The Advertising Machine: Selling a Lifestyle, Not Just a Bet
Sports betting companies do not market their products solely through explanations of odds and wagering rules. Their advertising often connects gambling with excitement, friendship, confidence, and the possibility of financial success.
Commercials show fans celebrating together, celebrities discussing wagers, and customers experiencing the thrill of a winning bet. Social media promotions may feature large payouts, free-bet offers, and personalized incentives. These messages present gambling as a fun addition to sports culture rather than an activity that can lead to repeated financial losses.
The distinction matters because advertising can shape how people perceive a product before they ever use it. A young man who repeatedly sees betting promotions during football games may gradually come to view wagering as a normal part of watching sports. Once he becomes interested, targeted advertisements and promotional offers can provide additional reasons to sign up or return.
The NCAA's 2023 survey of 3,527 people aged 18 to 22 illustrates the extent of this exposure. It found that 58% had engaged in at least one sports-wagering activity. Among students living on campus, 63% recalled seeing betting advertisements, and 58% of those students said the advertisements made them more likely to bet. The findings do not prove that advertising alone caused gambling participation, but they demonstrate how closely betting promotions are associated with young adults' experiences.
Promotions deserve particular scrutiny. A so-called risk-free bet, for example, may return a customer's stake as site credit rather than withdrawable cash if the wager loses. A welcome offer may require customers to deposit money, meet wagering requirements, or satisfy other conditions before receiving the full benefit. The precise terms vary by company and promotion.
These offers can reduce the psychological barrier to placing a first bet. A customer may feel that the company is giving away free money, when the actual purpose of the offer is to attract a new customer and encourage further activity.
This is a familiar business strategy: offer an introductory incentive, establish a habit, and make the customer more likely to return. The difference is that the product being promoted can directly affect a person's finances and may be addictive for some users.
Influencers and the Social Media Gambling Economy
Social media has created another channel through which gambling reaches young men. Sports commentators, streamers, podcast hosts, and online personalities can discuss wagers in the same videos where they analyze games, debate players, or offer general financial advice.
The format makes gambling promotions particularly persuasive. A traditional advertisement is usually recognizable as a sales pitch. An influencer's recommendation may feel more like advice from a knowledgeable friend, especially when the audience has followed that person for months or years.
Some creators publish betting slips, explain their picks, or celebrate successful wagers. Yet a screenshot of a winning bet cannot establish that a strategy is profitable over time. Without a complete and independently verifiable record of wagers, stakes, losses, and profits, viewers cannot reliably assess the creator's actual results.
Financial incentives can also create conflicts of interest. An influencer who receives compensation for promoting a betting platform may benefit from customer registrations or wagering activity, depending on the agreement. The creator's financial interests may therefore differ from those of the audience.
This does not mean every gambling influencer is dishonest. Some provide legitimate analysis, disclose sponsorships, and discuss the risks of betting. Nevertheless, audiences should distinguish sports commentary from independent financial advice.
The broader problem is that social media rewards attention. A dramatic winning bet is exciting content, while a month of ordinary losses is less likely to attract views. This creates an environment in which the most visible examples of gambling may be the least representative of its typical financial results.
For young men who are already interested in making money online, the combination of sports betting and influencer culture can make gambling appear to be another form of entrepreneurship. But operating a business, investing in productive assets, and wagering money on uncertain outcomes are fundamentally different activities. One can create long-term economic value, while the other generally transfers money between participants after accounting for the operator's margin.
Live Betting: Turning Every Moment Into an Opportunity to Gamble
Traditional sports betting often involves placing a wager before a game begins. Live betting allows customers to wager while the game is underway, with odds changing as the score, time remaining, and other conditions change.
This creates a more continuous gambling experience. A customer who loses a pregame wager does not have to wait until the next day to try again. They can immediately place another bet on the next quarter, the next scoring play, or an individual player's performance.
The appeal is that live betting makes sports feel interactive. Every play becomes an opportunity to make a prediction, and the customer may feel more engaged with the event.
The danger is that frequent betting can compress the time between a decision and its financial consequences. A person has less time to reflect on a loss, consider whether another wager is sensible, or decide to stop for the evening. Emotional reactions to the game can influence decisions that would otherwise receive more careful consideration.
Live betting also encourages customers to pay attention to the game through the lens of their wagers. A fan who would normally enjoy a football game may instead spend the entire evening monitoring a quarterback's passing yards, a receiver's catches, or the score needed to complete a parlay.
The experience can become exhausting because the customer is no longer simply watching sports. They are constantly evaluating financial outcomes, recalculating probabilities, and reacting to wins and losses.
This is one reason the accessibility of mobile gambling matters. The combination of instant wagering, rapid outcomes, and repeated opportunities can make it difficult for some customers to maintain limits. The industry does not need to force anyone to gamble. It can make gambling so convenient that the decision to continue requires more effort than the decision to place another bet.
The Financial Consequences: Money That Could Have Built a Future
The most direct cost of gambling is the money lost. However, the long-term consequences can extend beyond the amount shown in a betting account.
Consider a 21-year-old who spends an average of $20 per day on wagers. Over a year, that amounts to $7,300 in total stakes. This does not mean the person necessarily loses $7,300, because some wagers may win and return money. Nevertheless, the example illustrates how quickly frequent betting can expose someone to thousands of dollars in financial activity.
If that person consistently loses money, the losses may come at the expense of rent, tuition, groceries, transportation, savings, or debt repayment. A young adult with limited income may have little room to absorb an unexpected financial setback.
There is also an opportunity cost. Money lost through gambling cannot simultaneously be used to build an emergency fund, pay down high-interest debt, purchase professional training, or invest for the future.
For example, suppose a young adult could instead invest $100 per month for ten years. Assuming a hypothetical 7% annual return compounded monthly, the account would grow to approximately $17,300, including $12,000 in contributions. The actual result would vary, returns are not guaranteed, and investments can lose value. Still, the example demonstrates what consistent saving can accomplish over time.
Gambling reverses the focus. Instead of steadily directing money toward a future goal, the customer repeatedly exposes that money to uncertain outcomes in pursuit of a faster reward.
Research has begun documenting the relationship between expanded legal sports betting and household financial outcomes. A 2025 research summary from the American Institute for Boys and Men, discussing a working paper by Brett Hollenbeck, Poet Larsen, and Davide Proserpio, reported evidence of financial harm associated with legalized sports gambling, with initial findings suggesting particularly strong effects among young men in poorer areas.
The economic implications are important. Young men who are already struggling with low wages, expensive housing, student debt, or limited savings may be particularly vulnerable to promises of quick money. Gambling does not solve these underlying problems. When it creates additional losses, it can make them harder to overcome.
Debt, Secrecy, and the Cycle of Financial Desperation
Gambling losses do not always end when a customer runs out of money in a betting account. Some individuals begin using credit cards, overdrafts, borrowed money, or other sources of funds to continue gambling.
Credit can make the immediate cost of a wager less visible. Someone using money from a bank account sees their balance decline, while someone placing wagers with borrowed funds may not experience the full financial consequence until the credit-card statement arrives.
Once debt accumulates, the motivation to recover losses can become even stronger. A customer may believe that one successful betting streak will allow them to repay what they owe. Instead, additional losses can create a larger financial obligation and increase the pressure to continue.
This can lead to a destructive cycle: losses create debt, debt creates anxiety, anxiety increases the desire for a quick solution, and gambling offers another opportunity to chase that solution.
Secrecy can make the situation worse. Someone who feels embarrassed about gambling losses may hide transactions from parents, partners, or friends. They may describe withdrawals as ordinary spending or avoid discussing how much money they have lost. Without an accurate picture of the problem, people close to them may not recognize the seriousness of the situation until the consequences become difficult to ignore.
Financial distress can also affect relationships. Arguments about money, missed payments, and broken promises can undermine trust. The person gambling may feel ashamed and isolated, while family members may struggle to understand why the behavior continues despite repeated losses.
These consequences should not be reduced to a lack of intelligence or discipline. Gambling can reinforce behavior through powerful psychological mechanisms, and some people develop problems that are difficult to control even when they understand the financial damage. Recognizing that distinction is essential to addressing the problem effectively.
When the Cost Extends Beyond the Bettor
The consequences of sports betting can also reach athletes and the integrity of sports themselves.
A customer who loses a wager may direct their frustration toward the player they believe caused the loss. In professional and college sports, athletes have reported receiving abusive messages and threats from people upset about betting outcomes.
In November 2025, the NCAA reported that 36% of Division I men's basketball student-athletes surveyed had experienced social media abuse related to sports betting within the previous year. The organization also documented substantial exposure to betting-related abuse among football players.
The figures demonstrate how gambling can change the relationship between fans and athletes. When a viewer has money riding on a player's performance, an ordinary missed shot or dropped pass can become a personal financial grievance.
Athletes are professionals, but they cannot guarantee that every prediction about their performance will be correct. A bettor's decision to wager money does not give that bettor a legitimate claim over how an athlete performs.
The issue also raises questions about the role of sports organizations that accept sponsorship money from gambling companies while attempting to protect athletes and fans from betting-related harm. Commercial partnerships can generate revenue, but they can also create conflicting incentives when the same organizations must address the negative effects of gambling.
Ultimately, the consequences are not confined to the individual placing the wager. They can affect families, college communities, athletes, and the broader experience of watching sports.
Are Betting Companies Responsible for Gambling Addiction?
A fair analysis must distinguish between personal responsibility and corporate responsibility.
Adults generally make their own decisions about whether to gamble. People can choose to set limits, avoid betting, and decline promotional offers. It would be inaccurate to suggest that every person who places a wager is being exploited or that every gambling company engages in illegal conduct.
However, individual responsibility does not eliminate the responsibility of businesses that design and market potentially harmful products.
Sportsbooks understand the mathematics of their products, the importance of customer retention, and the value of frequent wagering. They also operate in a market where promotional spending, app design, and competition for customers influence business performance.
The central question is whether the incentives of the industry consistently align with the financial well-being of its customers.
A company can earn revenue from customers who bet occasionally and remain within their budgets. It can also earn revenue from customers who repeatedly return after losing money. Those two groups may have very different experiences, even though both contribute to the company's commercial activity.
The risk becomes more serious when companies use promotional strategies that encourage customers to deposit more money, increase their wagers, or return immediately after losses. The details of individual platforms vary, and not every feature is designed with harmful intent. Nevertheless, regulators should examine whether particular practices make it unnecessarily difficult for vulnerable customers to stop.
Responsible gambling measures, including deposit limits, time limits, self-exclusion programs, transparent advertising, and restrictions on misleading promotional claims, can reduce some risks. Yet these safeguards are most effective when customers understand them, can access them easily, and are not simultaneously exposed to incentives encouraging continued play.
The goal should not be to eliminate every form of adult gambling. It should be to ensure that companies cannot profit from misleading customers about their chances of winning or making it unnecessarily difficult for people experiencing harm to disengage.
What Young Men Can Do to Protect Themselves
The most effective protection begins with understanding that sports betting is not a dependable income strategy.
A person who chooses to gamble should treat the money as an entertainment expense, not as an investment or a way to pay bills. Money needed for tuition, rent, debt payments, emergency savings, or other essential expenses should never be placed at risk.
It is also important to recognize common warning signs: spending more than intended, hiding wagers, borrowing money to gamble, repeatedly chasing losses, or feeling unable to enjoy sports without betting. These behaviors deserve attention even if the person has not yet accumulated substantial debt.
Practical safeguards can help. Avoiding gambling advertisements, disabling promotional notifications, setting strict financial limits, and using self-exclusion tools can create distance between an impulse and the decision to wager. For someone who is already struggling, talking honestly with a trusted person or seeking professional support can be an important first step.
In the United States, people experiencing gambling-related problems can contact the National Problem Gambling Helpline by calling or texting 1-800-MY-RESET for current support information.
There is also a broader lesson about money. Building wealth usually requires a combination of earning income, controlling expenses, saving consistently, and taking calculated risks over time. None of these activities guarantees success, but they provide a more sustainable foundation than repeatedly risking money on uncertain sporting outcomes.
Young men do not need to stop enjoying sports to protect themselves from gambling. They need to recognize that the companies promoting wagers are selling a financial product, not providing a shortcut to financial independence.
Conclusion: The Industry Profits From the Gap Between Hope and Probability
Sports betting has transformed how many Americans watch and experience sports. Mobile applications, celebrity promotions, parlays, and live wagers have made gambling more accessible and more integrated into everyday entertainment. For many customers, betting remains an occasional activity. For others, it can develop into a serious financial and psychological problem.
Young men face a particularly concerning combination of influences: an interest in sports, social pressure, financial insecurity, and constant exposure to messages that celebrate winning. The possibility of earning money quickly can be especially attractive when building financial security through work and saving feels slow or difficult.
The mathematics of sports betting, however, does not change because a customer is ambitious, knowledgeable, or desperate to improve their financial position. Bookmakers incorporate margins into their odds, parlays can make large payouts appear more attainable than they are, and repeated betting creates more opportunities to lose money. When losses occur, the desire to recover them can encourage further gambling rather than a rational reassessment of the decision.
The deeper problem is that the industry sells more than the possibility of winning a bet. It sells excitement, confidence, belonging, and the hope of getting ahead financially. Those promises are particularly powerful when they reach people who are still establishing their careers and financial lives.
A society that values financial literacy should teach young people to distinguish between taking a calculated risk and paying repeatedly for the possibility of an unlikely reward. It should also expect businesses to market their products honestly and take meaningful steps to reduce preventable harm.
Sports should be a source of competition, entertainment, and community. They should not require fans to risk their financial futures to feel involved. The most important lesson for young men is simple: a business opportunity is not defined by how much money it promises you could win, but by the underlying economics of how that money is actually made. In sports betting, understanding those economics may be the difference between enjoying the game and becoming another source of revenue for the house.
Sources
National Council on Problem Gambling. National Survey on Gambling Attitudes and Gambling Experiences (NGAGE 3.0).
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). NCAA Releases Sports Wagering Survey Data. 2023.
American Institute for Boys and Men. How Sports Betting Can Harm Young Men.
https://aibm.org/research/how-sports-betting-can-harm-young-men/
National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). NCAA Study Finds Over One-Third of DI Men's Basketball Student-Athletes Harassed by Bettors. 2025.
Supreme Court of the United States. Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2018.
National Council on Problem Gambling. Resources on Problem Gambling, Prevention, and Treatment.